Master GCSE Biology

MS1

- Uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (1)

- Also releases oxygen (1)

MS2

- Absorbs sunlight (1)

- Transfers energy to reaction centers (1)

- Electrons become excited/more energetic (1)

MS3

- Light intensity: Higher light intensity increases rate (1)

- Carbon dioxide concentration: Higher concentration increases rate (1)

- Temperature: Optimum temperature for enzyme activity (1)

- Water availability: Needed to replace water lost in the reaction (1)

MS4

- Glucose (1)

MS5

- Aerobic respiration: Uses oxygen to break down glucose completely (1)

- Anaerobic respiration: Breaks down glucose without oxygen (1)

MS6

- Process:

> - Converts pyruvate to lactic acid (1)

> - Releases carbon dioxide and energy (1)

- Benefits:

> - Generates energy in absence of oxygen (1)

> - Allows cells to survive in low-oxygen conditions (1)

- Drawbacks:

> - Less efficient than aerobic respiration (1)

> - Produces waste products (lactic acid) which cause muscle fatigue (1)

MS7

- The amount of oxygen required to return the body to a resting state after exercise (1)

- Used to break down lactic acid (1)

MS8

- Red blood cells carry hemoglobin to bind to oxygen (1)

- Oxygen diffuses from blood to cells (1)

- Capillaries allow for efficient diffusion (1)

MS9

- Metabolism provides energy for all cellular processes (1)

- Examples:

> - Respiration provides energy for muscle contraction (1)

> - Digestion breaks down food to provide glucose for energy (1)

> - Photosynthesis provides energy for plant growth (1)

MS10

- Alcohol (1)