Master GCSE Biology

MS1:

- A microorganism that causes disease in another organism (1)

MS2:

- Antibiotics target specific structures or processes in bacteria (1)

- They can inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, or cell wall synthesis (1)

MS3:

- Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific antibodies produced by hybridoma cells (1)

- They can target specific cancer cells and deliver toxic substances (1)

- They can also block cell division or promote cell death (1)

MS4:

- Phagocytes: Engulf and destroy pathogens (1)

- Lymphocytes: Produce antibodies and destroy infected cells (1)

- Neutrophils: Release antimicrobial substances and phagocytose pathogens (1)

MS5:

- Trials test the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine (1)

- They identify potential side effects (1)

- They determine the optimal dosage and schedule for administration (1)

MS6:

- A disease that is not caused by an infectious agent (1)

- Examples include heart disease and cancer (1)

MS7:

- Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies (1)

- If the vaccinated person is exposed to the pathogen, the antibodies recognize and neutralize it (1)

MS8:

- Bacteria: Prokaryotic, can replicate independently, treated with antibiotics (2)

- Viruses: Acellular, can only replicate inside a host cell, treated with antiviral drugs (2)

MS9:

- Cytokines: Regulate the immune response (1)

- Interferons: Inhibit viral replication (1)

MS10:

- Painkillers relieve symptoms but do not target the infection (1)

- Antibiotics target and destroy or inhibit the growth of pathogens (1)

- Antibiotics are essential for treating infections, while painkillers provide temporary symptom relief (1)