Master GCSE Biology

MS1:

- A pathogen is a microorganism or agent that causes disease (1)

- Example: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists (1)

MS2:

- Toxins can damage cells and tissues, causing symptoms (1)

- Can affect specific organs or systems, e.g., neurotoxins affect the nervous system (1)

MS3:

- Phagocytes (e.g., macrophages) engulf and destroy pathogens (1)

- Lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to pathogens, leading to antigen-antibody complex formation (1)

- Memory cells remain to provide long-term immunity (1)

MS4:

- Antibiotics target and kill or inhibit pathogens, while painkillers relieve pain (1)

MS5:

- Clinical trials test new vaccines for safety and effectiveness (1)

- Control group receives a placebo to compare the results with the experimental group (1)

MS6:

- Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing antibody-producing cells with hybridoma cells (1)

- They are specific to a single antigen, allowing targeted therapy (1)

- Used to treat cancers, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases (1)

MS7:

- Communicable diseases can be spread from person to person, while non-communicable diseases cannot (1)

MS8:

- Allergens trigger an exaggerated immune response, leading to histamine release (1)

- Histamine causes inflammation and symptoms like sneezing or rashes (1)

MS9:

- Vaccines contain weakened or killed pathogens or their components (1)

- Stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells (1)

- Long-term immunity prevents future infections or reduces their severity (1)

MS10:

- Bacteria/viruses/fungi/protists (1)