Master GCSE Biology

MS1.

- A microorganism that causes disease (1)

- Example: Bacteria (e.g., E. coli), virus (e.g., influenza virus), fungus (e.g., Candida albicans) (1)

MS2.

- White blood cells destroy bacteria by phagocytosis (1)

- Antibodies produced by white blood cells bind to bacteria and inhibit their growth (1)

- Antitoxins neutralize toxins produced by bacteria (1)

MS3.

Advantages:

- Effective at killing bacteria (1)

- Can be used to treat severe infections (1)

Disadvantages:

- Can kill beneficial bacteria in the body (1)

- Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics (1)

MS4.

- Lymphocytes (e.g., B cells, T cells) (1)

- Phagocytes (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages) (1)

MS5.

- Recognize and bind to specific pathogens (1)

- Help neutralize toxins released by pathogens (1)

- Enable the destruction of pathogens by phagocytosis (1)

MS6.

- Involves introducing a weakened or dead pathogen to the body (1)

- Triggers the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells (1)

- Provides immunity against future infection with the same pathogen (1)

- Reduces the severity of disease if infected again (1)

MS7.

- Autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis) (1)

MS8.

- Informed consent from participants (1)

- Minimizing risks to participants (1)

- Balancing potential benefits and risks (1)

MS9.

- Monoclonal antibodies recognize and bind to specific cancer cells (1)

- Can be used to deliver toxins or radioactive materials to cancer cells (1)

- Can block the growth of new blood vessels that supply tumors (1)

- May have side effects such as inflammation or allergic reactions (1)

MS10.

- Communicable disease: Spread through contact with an infected person or animal (1)

- Non-communicable disease: Not spread through infection (1)