Master GCSE Biology

MS1.

- An organism or microorganism that causes disease (1)

MS2.

- Bacteria (1)

- Viruses (1)

- Fungi (1)

- Protists (1)

MS3.

- Toxins are poisonous substances produced by pathogens (1)

- They can damage cells and tissues (1)

- They can disrupt body functions (1)

MS4.

- White blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens (1)

- They produce antibodies that bind to specific pathogens (1)

- They release antitoxins that neutralize toxins (1)

MS5.

- To bind to specific pathogens and mark them for destruction (1)

MS6.

- Vaccination stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen (1)

- If the person is later exposed to the pathogen, they have a ready-made immune response (1)

MS7.

- Advantages:

- Effective against bacterial infections (1)

- Can cure severe infections (1)

- Disadvantages:

- Can lead to antibiotic resistance (1)

- Can have side effects (1)

MS8.

- Communicable diseases can be spread from person to person (1)

- Non-communicable diseases cannot be spread from person to person (1)

MS9.

- Hybridoma cells are fused from a myeloma cell and a B cell producing antibodies against a specific antigen (1)

- The hybridoma cells produce monoclonal antibodies with the desired specificity (1)

- The antibodies are then cloned and grown in large quantities (1)

MS10.

- Clinical trials test the safety and effectiveness of new drugs in humans (1)

- Volunteers are recruited and given the drug or a placebo (1)

- The results are analyzed to determine the drug's efficacy and safety (1)