Master GCSE Biology

MS1.

- A pathogen is a microorganism or agent that causes disease (1)

- Example: bacterium, virus, fungus, or protist (1)

MS2.

- White blood cells, like neutrophils, can engulf bacteria (phagocytosis) (1)

- They release enzymes to destroy the bacteria (1)

- Some white blood cells produce antibodies specific to the bacteria (1)

MS3.

- Vaccination involves administering a vaccine containing weakened or inactivated pathogens (1)

- This stimulates the body's immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells (1)

- When the actual pathogen is encountered, the antibodies and memory cells recognize and attack it, preventing or reducing infection (1)

- Immunity is long-lasting due to memory cells (1)

MS4.

- To kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria (1)

MS5.

- Clinical trials involve testing treatments on human volunteers (1)

- They ensure safety, effectiveness, and appropriate dosage (1)

MS6.

- Advantages:

- High specificity and target multiple antigens (1)

- Disadvantages:

- Can be very expensive (1)

- May cause allergic reactions in some patients (1)

MS7.

- B-lymphocytes (1)

MS8.

- Viruses can invade body cells (1)

- The infected cells produce viral particles (1)

- White blood cells, like cytotoxic T-cells, recognize and destroy the infected cells (1)

MS9.

- Communicable diseases:

- Spread through contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects (1)

- Example: influenza (1)

- Non-communicable diseases:

- Not spread through contact (1)

- Often caused by genetic factors, lifestyle choices, or environmental influences (1)

- Example: heart disease (1)

MS10.

- Addiction (1)

- Stomach ulcers or liver damage (1)