Master GCSE Biology

MS1:

- A microorganism or other agent that causes disease (2)

MS2:

- Antibiotics kill or stop the growth of bacteria (1)

- They work by targeting specific metabolic processes in bacteria (1)

- This prevents the bacteria from multiplying and spreading the infection (1)

MS3:

- Phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens (1)

- Natural killer (NK) cells release toxins that kill infected cells (1)

- Cytokines produced by white blood cells signal other immune cells (1)

- Interferons interfere with viral replication (1)

MS4:

- B lymphocytes/B cells (1)

MS5:

- Vaccines contain weakened or inactivated pathogens (1)

- They trigger the body's immune system to produce antibodies (1)

- When the real pathogen is encountered, the immune system is ready to fight it off (1)

MS6:

- Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific for a particular target antigen (1)

- They bind to cancer cells and prevent them from dividing (1)

- They can also deliver toxins to the cancer cells (1)

- They are produced by hybridoma cells, which are a fusion of B cells and myeloma cells (1)

MS7:

- A poisonous substance produced by microorganisms or other organisms (2)

MS8:

- Self-cells have MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins (1)

- Immune cells recognize non-self MHC proteins and target them for destruction (1)

- This prevents the body from attacking its own cells (1)

MS9:

- Informed consent must be obtained (1)

- Participants must be fully informed of the risks and benefits (1)

- Data must be collected and analyzed ethically (1)

MS10:

- Cancer (1) / Diabetes (1) / Heart disease (1) / Stroke (1)