Master GCSE Biology

MS1:

- Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease in other organisms (1)

- Two examples: bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus), viruses (e.g., influenza virus) (1)

MS2:

- Phagocytic white blood cells engulf and destroy bacteria (1)

- Antibodies bind to bacteria, marking them for destruction (1)

- Antitoxins neutralize the toxins released by bacteria (1)

MS3:

- Antibiotics are drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria (1)

- They work by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or DNA replication (1)

- Potential limitations: antibiotic resistance, side effects, inappropriate use (1)

MS4:

- Communicable diseases are spread from one organism to another through contact, air, or vectors (1)

- Non-communicable diseases are not transmitted between individuals (1)

MS5:

- Clinical trials test the safety and effectiveness of potential new vaccines and treatments (1)

- They involve human subjects and follow strict ethical guidelines (1)

- Provide evidence for regulatory approval and inform clinical practice (1)

MS6:

- Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells, which are formed by fusing a myeloma cell with a B cell producing antibodies against a specific antigen (1)

- They are highly specific and can be used to treat diseases such as cancer and autoimmune disorders (1)

- They can be modified to improve their efficacy and reduce side effects (1)

MS7:

- Toxins are poisonous substances produced by microorganisms that can cause harm or disease (1)

- Example of a bacterial toxin: diphtheria toxin (1)

MS8:

- Painkillers can suppress the immune system's response to infection (1)

- This can lead to a delayed or reduced production of white blood cells and antibodies (1)

- As a result, infections may become more severe or last longer (1)

MS9:

- Advantages:

- Can be effective against bacterial infections (1)

- Relatively inexpensive (1)

- Disadvantages:

- Not effective against viral infections (1)

- Can lead to antibiotic resistance (1)

MS10:

- Viruses are much smaller than bacteria (1)

- Viruses do not have their own cytoplasm, ribosomes, or metabolic processes (1)