Master GCSE Biology

MS1

* Tissue: A group of similar cells that perform a specific function (1)

* Example: Muscle, epithelial (1)

MS2

* Different cells are specialized for specific functions: Muscle cells for movement, nerve cells for transmitting information (1)

* Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together: Muscle tissue for muscle contraction (1)

* Organs are made up of different tissues that work together: Muscles, blood vessels, nerves in muscles (1)

* Efficient functioning: Specialized cells, tissues, and organs work together to perform complex tasks (1)

MS3

Role of Digestive Enzymes:

* Amylase in saliva: Breaks down carbohydrates (1)

* Protease in stomach: Breaks down proteins (1)

* Lipase in pancreas: Breaks down fats (1)

Structural Adaptations of Digestive System:

* Mouth: Chewing and mixing food with saliva (1)

* Stomach: Muscular churning and mixing with protease (1)

* Small intestine: Long, coiled, and lined with villi for increased surface area for enzyme action (1)

MS4

* Emulsifies fats: Breaks them down into smaller droplets (1)

MS5

Transport of Oxygen and Nutrients:

* Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (1)

* Capillaries: Allow exchange of oxygen and nutrients with cells (1)

Removal of Waste Products:

* Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (1)

* Waste removed in the kidneys and lungs (1)

MS6

Arteries:

* Thick muscular walls: To withstand pressure (1)

* Narrow lumen: To maintain high blood pressure (1)

Veins:

* Thinner walls: Less pressure (1)

* Larger lumen: To carry more blood back to the heart (1)

Capillaries:

* Very thin walls: For efficient diffusion of gases and nutrients (1)

* Smallest diameter: To allow close contact with body cells (1)

MS7

Atrium:

* Receives blood: From the veins (1)

Ventricle:

* Pumps blood out: To the arteries (1)

MS8

* Non-return valves: In veins (1)

* Elastic walls: Recoil after each heartbeat to maintain blood flow (1)

* Arterial walls are muscular: Can constrict to regulate blood flow (1)

MS9

Red Blood Cells:

* Haemoglobin: Contains oxygen for transport (1)

White Blood Cells:

* Phagocytosis: Engulf and destroy pathogens (1)

* Produce antibodies: To neutralize pathogens (1)

Platelets:

* Blood clotting: Form plugs to seal damaged blood vessels (1)

MS10

* Atherosclerosis: Build-up of fatty plaques in arteries (1)

Treatment:

* Stents: Metal devices inserted into arteries to widen them (1)

* Statins: Drugs that lower cholesterol (1)