Master GCSE Biology

MS1:

- A substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign (1)

MS2:

- Cancer (1)

- Heart disease (1)

- Stroke (1)

- Alzheimer's disease (1)

- Diabetes (1)

MS3:

- White blood cells engulf/phagocytose pathogens (1)

- They form a phagosome around the pathogen (1)

- Lysosomes fuse with the phagosome (1)

- Digestive enzymes break down the pathogen (1)

MS4:

- Antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell walls (1)

- This prevents bacteria from growing and multiplying (1)

- Some antibiotics block bacterial protein synthesis (1)

MS5:

- Monoclonal antibodies are specific to a particular antigen (1)

- They can deliver drugs or toxins to cancer cells (1)

- They can block the growth of cancer cells (1)

- They can stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells (1)

MS6:

Advantages:

- Potential for new treatments (1)

- Improved patient outcomes (1)

Disadvantages:

- Expense (1)

- Ethical concerns (1)

- Placebo effect (1)

MS7a:

- Pus (1)

- Swelling (1)

- Redness (1)

- Heat (1)

- Pain (1)

MS7b:

- Exposure to a pathogen leads to the production of antibodies (1)

- Antibodies bind to the pathogen, preventing it from infecting cells (1)

- Memory cells are created, allowing for a rapid response to future exposure (1)

MS8a:

- Plasmodium (1)

- Trypanosoma (1)

- Giardia (1)

MS8b:

- Vaccines introduce weakened or inactivated viruses into the body (1)

- The immune system produces antibodies against the virus (1)

- If an active virus is encountered, the immune system can quickly respond and neutralize it (1)

MS9a:

- Capsid (1)

- Genetic material (1)

- Some have an envelope (1)

MS9b:

- Antibiotics target bacterial cell walls (1)

- Viruses do not have cell walls (1)

- Antibiotics cannot penetrate the capsid of viruses (1)

MS10a:

- Protects the body from pathogens (1)

- Recognizes and destroys abnormal cells (1)

MS10b:

- Painkillers do not directly reduce infection (1)

- They block pain signals (1)

- This can reduce discomfort and make it easier to manage symptoms (1)