Master GCSE Biology

MS1:

- Pathogen: disease-causing microorganism (1)

- Example: bacteria, virus, fungus, or protist (1)

MS2:

- Airborne (e.g., coughs and sneezes) (1)

- Contact (e.g., skin-to-skin or contaminated surfaces) (1)

- Vector-borne (e.g., by insects or animals) (1)

MS3:

- Antibiotics work by killing or preventing the growth of bacteria (1)

- Painkillers reduce symptoms but do not kill the bacteria (1)

- Painkillers can be used to relieve pain and inflammation while antibiotics fight the infection (1)

MS4:

- White blood cells recognize pathogens by their surface molecules (e.g., antigens) (1)

- Antibodies are produced to bind to and neutralize pathogens (1)

- Phagocytic white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens (1)

- Memory cells remember the pathogen for future encounters (1)

MS5:

- Advantages:

- Provide evidence of effectiveness and safety (1)

- Disadvantages:

- Can be expensive (1)

- Time-consuming (1)

MS6:

- Treatment for cancer (binding to and destroying cancer cells) (1)

- Diagnosis of diseases (identifying and quantifying specific antigens) (1)

- Treatment of autoimmune diseases (suppressing the immune system) (1)

MS7:

- Communicable: spread from person to person or via other sources (e.g., contaminated surfaces) (1)

- Non-communicable: not spread between individuals (e.g., genetic disorders, heart disease) (1)

MS8:

- Social: impact on individuals, families, and communities (e.g., stigma, isolation) (1)

- Economic: healthcare costs, lost productivity, travel restrictions, tourism decline (1)

- Importance of public health measures (e.g., vaccination, sanitation) in reducing impacts (1)

MS9:

- Avoid antibiotic resistance (overuse allows bacteria to develop resistance) (1)

- Ensure effectiveness of antibiotic treatment (1)

- Prevent side effects and adverse reactions (e.g., allergic reactions) (1)

MS10:

- Stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against specific pathogens (1)

- Providing immunity without having to experience the disease (herd immunity) (1)