Master GCSE Biology

MS1:

- Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants (1)

- Absorbs light energy from the sun (1)

MS2:

- As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until a plateau is reached (1)

- As carbon dioxide concentration increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until a plateau is reached (1)

- Limiting factors include other factors that affect the rate, e.g., temperature (1)

MS3:

- Aerobic respiration: Occurs with oxygen and produces large amounts of energy (2)

- Anaerobic respiration: Occurs without oxygen and produces less energy than aerobic respiration (2)

- Example of aerobic respiration: Cellular respiration in muscle cells (1)

- Example of anaerobic respiration: Fermentation in yeast (1)

MS4:

- Glucose (2)

MS5:

- Lactic acid is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration (1)

- Build-up of lactic acid lowers the pH in muscles (1)

- This inhibits enzyme activity and reduces ATP production, leading to muscle fatigue (1)

MS6:

- Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration (1)

- Produces ATP, but less energy than aerobic respiration (1)

- Byproduct is lactic acid (if muscle cells) or ethanol (if yeast) (1)

- Real-world application: Production of yogurt (lactic acid fermentation) (1)

MS7:

- Oxygen debt (2)

MS8:

- Metabolism includes anabolic and catabolic reactions (1)

- Energy balance is maintained when energy intake from food matches energy expenditure (1)

- Catabolism releases energy, while anabolism uses energy (1)

MS9:

- Bioenergetics helps understand energy requirements in different medical conditions (2)

- Examples: Cancer cell metabolism, obesity management (1)

- Advances in bioenergetics have led to new treatments and therapies (1)

MS10:

- Oxygen (2)