Expert Physics Tutoring

MS1 (1 mark)

- A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease.

MS2 (2 marks)

- Bacteria (1)

- Viruses (1)

- Fungi (1)

MS3 (3 marks)

- Antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with their cell wall synthesis (1)

- They prevent bacteria from reproducing (1)

- They can kill bacteria by damaging their cell membranes (1)

MS4 (2 marks)

- White blood cells can engulf and destroy microbes by phagocytosis (1)

- They produce antibodies that bind to specific pathogens (1)

MS5 (3 marks)

- Vaccines stimulate the body to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen (1)

- If the person is exposed to the pathogen in the future, the antibodies will recognize and neutralize it (1)

- This prevents the infection from developing (1)

MS6 (4 marks)

- Clinical trials involve testing new treatments on groups of volunteers (1)

- The volunteers are divided into groups, one of which receives the treatment (1)

- The other groups receive a placebo or an existing treatment for comparison (1)

- The results are monitored and analyzed to determine the safety and effectiveness of the new treatment (1)

MS7 (2 marks)

- A monoclonal antibody is an antibody produced by a single hybridoma cell (1)

- Hybridoma cells are created by fusing a B cell with a myeloma cell (1)

MS8 (3 marks)

- Toxins can damage cells and tissues by interfering with cell metabolism (1)

- They can cause symptoms such as fever, vomiting, and diarrhea (1)

- Some toxins can be fatal (1)

MS9 (2 marks)

- Antibiotics target bacterial cell processes that viruses do not have (1)

- Virues do not have a cell wall, so antibiotics that target bacterial cell walls are ineffective (1)

MS10 (4 marks)

- Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens that can be transmitted from person to person (1)

- Example: Flu

- Non-communicable diseases are not caused by pathogens (1)

- Example: Cancer