Master GCSE Biology

MS1:

- A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease (1)

- Examples include bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists (1)

MS2:

- Bacteria are prokaryotic cells, while viruses are not (1)

- Bacteria have a cell wall, cytoplasm, and DNA, while viruses have a protein coat and genetic material (1)

- Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, while viruses replicate inside host cells (1)

MS3:

- White blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis (1)

- They produce antibodies that bind to pathogens, marking them for destruction (1)

- They produce antitoxins that neutralize toxins released by pathogens (1)

MS4:

- Vaccination is the process of introducing a weakened or inactivated form of a pathogen into the body to stimulate an immune response (1)

MS5:

- Self-cells have MHC proteins, while non-self cells do not (1)

- Immune cells can recognize and attack cells that do not have MHC proteins (1)

MS6:

- The need for informed consent and protection of participants (1)

- Balancing the potential benefits with potential risks (1)

- Ensuring that the trials are scientifically valid and ethical (1)

MS7:

- Staphylococcus (1)

- Escherichia coli (E. coli) (1)

MS8:

- Antibiotics inhibit the growth or kill bacteria (1)

- Example: Penicillin (1)

MS9:

- Symptoms: runny nose, sore throat, sneezing, headache (1)

- Treatment: rest, fluids, over-the-counter painkillers (1)

MS10:

- Communicable diseases can be spread from one person to another (1)

- Non-communicable diseases are not spread from person to person (1)