Expert Physics Tutoring

MS1:

- A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a specific function (1)

- Example: Epithelial tissue (1)

MS2:

- Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions (1)

- They have a specific active site where the substrate binds (1)

- The enzyme-substrate complex forms, and the enzyme lowers the activation energy required for the reaction (1)

MS3:

- Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder (1)

- It contains bile salts, which emulsify fats (1)

- Emulsification breaks down fats into smaller droplets, increasing surface area for enzymes to work on (1)

MS4:

Arteries:

- Thick, muscular walls to withstand high blood pressure (1)

- Narrow lumen to create high pressure (1)

- Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (1)

Veins:

- Thin, less muscular walls and wider lumen (1)

- Contain valves to prevent backflow (1)

- Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (1)

Capillaries:

- Extremely thin walls for diffusion (1)

- Allow exchange of materials between blood and tissues (1)

- Very narrow lumen to slow blood flow (1)

MS5:

- Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) prevent backflow from ventricles into atria (1)

- Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles (1)

- Valves open and close passively due to pressure differences (1)

- Prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood (1)

MS6:

Red blood cells:

- Contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport (1)

White blood cells:

- Protect against pathogens (1)

Platelets:

- Involved in blood clotting (1)

MS7:

Development:

- Plaque builds up in arteries due to high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, etc. (1)

Consequences:

- Narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to tissues (1)

- Can lead to: heart attack, stroke, kidney failure (1)

MS8:

Stomata:

- Pores on plant leaves for gas exchange (1)

- Allow water vapor to escape (transpiration) (1)

Guard cells:

- Surround stomata and control opening and closing (1)

- When water is available, guard cells swell and open stomata (1)

- When water is scarce, guard cells shrink and close stomata (1)

MS9:

- Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves (1)

- Phloem: Transports sugars and other nutrients throughout the plant (1)

MS10:

- Statins inhibit an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis (1)

- Lower blood cholesterol levels, particularly LDL (low-density lipoprotein) (1)

- Reduces plaque formation and risk of atherosclerosis (1)