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MS1.

- Homeostasis: Maintaining a constant internal environment (1)

- Importance: Ensures optimal functioning of body cells, including efficient glucose uptake and utilization (1)

MS2.

- Insulin binds to receptors on target cells, allowing glucose to enter cells (1)

- Inhibits glucose production by the liver (1)

- Promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage (1)

MS3.

- Glucagon (1)

MS4.

- Beta cells in the pancreas release insulin when blood glucose levels rise (1)

- Alpha cells release glucagon when blood glucose levels fall (1)

- Negative feedback loop maintains stable blood glucose concentration (1)

MS5.

- Blood glucose levels initially high (1)

- Insulin released, causing blood glucose levels to decrease (1)

- As blood glucose levels fall, pancreas releases less insulin (1)

- Negative feedback loops stabilize blood glucose levels within a narrow range (1)

MS6.

- Convert concentration to g/dL: 5.0 mmol/L x 180 g/mol / 1000 = 0.9 g/dL (2)

- Calculate mass in 100 mL: 0.9 g/dL x 100 mL x 1.0 g/mL = 0.09 g (4)

MS7.

- Damage to blood vessels and nerves (1)

- Retinopathy, leading to blindness (1)

- Kidney damage, leading to failure (1)

MS8.

- Brain cells, red blood cells (1)

MS9.

- Stores glucose as glycogen (1)

- Releases glucose into the bloodstream when needed (1)

- Contributes to homeostasis of blood glucose levels (1)

MS10.

- Amine group (-NH2): Responsible for its basic properties and interaction with receptors (1)

- Carboxyl group (-COOH): Responsible for its acidic properties and interactions with water molecules (1)

- Peptide bonds (-CO-NH-): Link amino acids together, forming the overall structure (1)

- Disulfide bonds (-S-S-): Stabilize the tertiary structure by forming cross-links between different amino acid side chains (1)