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MS1.

- Phenotype is the observable characteristics of an organism (1)

MS2.

- Identical twins develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two (1)

- They have the same genetic material (1)

MS3.

- Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half (1)

- It produces four haploid gametes (1)

- These gametes have a random combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes (1)

- It ensures genetic variation in the population (1)

MS4.

- Dominant allele: masks the expression of a recessive allele, even if only present in a single copy (1)

- Recessive allele: only expressed when present in two copies (1)

MS5.

- Genotype: Ss if F1 generation (or SS and ss if F2 generation) (1)

- Phenotype: Smooth seeds (1)

MS6.

- Overproduction of offspring (1)

- Individuals vary in heritable traits (1)

- Some variations are more advantageous for survival and reproduction (1)

- These individuals have a higher chance of passing on their advantageous traits (1)

MS7.

- Transformation (1)

MS8.

- Benefit: Produces offspring with desired traits (1)

- Risk: Reduces genetic diversity, making the population more vulnerable to disease (1)

MS9.

- Cloning involves producing a genetically identical copy of an existing organism (1)

- Benefits: Preserving endangered species, providing organs for transplants (1)

- Drawbacks: Ethical concerns, reduced genetic diversity (1)

MS10.

- Genus (1)