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MS1

- An acid is a substance that, when dissolved in water, produces hydrogen ions (H+). (2)

MS2

- HCl molecules dissociate in water to form H+ and Cl- ions. (1)

- These ions are free to move and carry charge. (1)

- Therefore, the solution conducts electricity. (1)

MS3

MS4

- Strong acids dissociate completely in water, producing a high concentration of H+ ions. (1)

- Weak acids partially dissociate in water, producing a lower concentration of H+ ions. (1)

MS5

- Add a few drops of universal indicator to the solution. (1)

- Compare the resulting color to a color chart to determine the approximate pH. (1)

MS6

- H2SO4 is a strong acid, so it dissociates completely. (1)

- [H+] = 0.1 M (2)

- pH = -log[H+] = -log(0.1) = 1 (1)

MS7

- Sodium hydroxide (1)

MS8

- A base donates hydrogen ions (OH-) to the reaction. (1)

- These ions react with the hydrogen ions from the acid to form water. (1)

MS9

- Moles of NaOH = 0.2 M × 0.025 L = 0.005 mol

- Moles of HCl required = 0.005 mol

- Volume of HCl required = 0.005 mol / 0.1 M = 50.0 cm3 (4)

MS10

- CaCO3 is a solid that dissolves in the acid. (1)

- The reaction produces bubbles of carbon dioxide gas. (1)