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MS1.

- The arrangement of electrons in the atomic orbitals of an atom.

MS2.

- Potassium has one valence electron, which it wants to lose (1)

- Chlorine has seven valence electrons, which it wants to gain one of (1)

MS3.

- Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first and then move to higher energy levels as more electrons are added.

MS4.

- Hydrogen has 1 valence electron × 2 = 2 (1)

- Oxygen has 6 valence electrons (1)

- Total valence electrons = 2 + 6 = 8 (1)

MS5.

- Carbon has four valence electrons (1)

- It needs to share these electrons with four other atoms to achieve a stable octet (1)

MS6.

MS7.

- Sodium has one valence electron, which it is willing to lose (1)

- Chlorine has seven valence electrons, which it needs to gain one of (1)

- Difference: Sodium wants to lose an electron, while chlorine wants to gain an electron.

MS8.

- An electron configuration in which an energy level is fully occupied with electrons.

MS9.

- (0.70 × 63) + (0.30 × 65) = 63.9 (3)

MS10.

- The number of valence electrons in the electron configuration determines the chemical reactivity of an atom.