Expert Physics Tutoring

MS:

- An isotope is a variant of an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons (2)

MS:

- The nucleus contains positively charged protons (1)

- There are no electrons (negative charge) in the nucleus (1)

- The number of protons is greater than the number of electrons in the atom (1)

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- Where X and Y are different isotopes

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- A Geiger-Müller tube contains a gas (e.g., argon) (1)

- Alpha particles ionize the gas, creating free electrons and ions (1)

- The free electrons are attracted to a positive electrode, causing a current to flow (1)

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- Background radiation is low-level radiation that is always present in the environment (2)

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- Lead is a dense material that effectively absorbs gamma radiation (1)

- It prevents the radiation from escaping into the environment (1)

- It protects people and other living organisms from exposure to the radiation (1)

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- Identifies that the equation represents the emission of one alpha particle (1)

- Calculates the number of alpha particles correctly: 1 (1)

- Shows clear workings (1)

- Final answer: 1 (1)

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- Generating electricity (2)

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- Alpha radiation: Consists of alpha particles (helium nuclei) and is highly ionizing but has low penetrating power (1)

- Beta radiation: Consists of beta particles (electrons or positrons) and has moderate ionizing power and penetrating power (1)

- Gamma radiation: Consists of high-energy photons and has weak ionizing power but high penetrating power (1)

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- Identifies that two half-lives have passed (1)

- Multiplies the half-life by 2: 100 × 2 = 200 (1)

- Final answer: 200 days (1)

- Shows clear workings (1)