Master GCSE Biology

MS1.

- Tissue is a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function (1)

- Example: muscle tissue (1)

MS2.

- Mechanical digestion breaks down food into smaller pieces by chewing, churning, and peristalsis (1)

- Chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed (1)

- Example enzyme and substrate: amylase (enzyme) breaks down starch (substrate) (1)

MS3.

- Bile is produced by the liver (1)

- It emulsifies lipids into smaller droplets (1)

- Emulsification increases the surface area of lipids (1)

- This allows lipase enzymes to work more efficiently to break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol (1)

MS4.

- Arteries: carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (1)

- Veins: carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (1)

- Capillaries: allow exchange of substances between blood and tissues (1)

MS5.

- Atria have thin walls and can expand to receive blood (1)

- Ventricles have thick, muscular walls to pump blood out with force (1)

- Valves prevent backflow of blood (1)

MS6.

- Red blood cells: Contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen (1)

- White blood cells: Phagocytize pathogens (1), produce antibodies (1)

- Platelets: Help form blood clots (1)

MS7.

- Atherosclerosis is the narrowing of arteries due to the build-up of fatty plaques (1)

- Risk factor: high cholesterol (1)

MS8.

- A stent is a small mesh tube (1)

- It is inserted into the narrowed artery (1)

- The stent expands to widen the artery and improve blood flow (1)

MS9.

- Xylem: Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves (1)

- Phloem: Transports sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant (1)

MS10.

- Transpiration: evaporation of water from leaves (1)

- Water loss creates a suction that pulls water up the stem (1)