Master GCSE Biology

MS1.

- 1 mark for defining pathogen as a microorganism that causes disease

- 1 mark for a specific example of a pathogen, e.g., bacteria, virus, fungus, protist

MS2.

- 1 mark for stating that viruses are made of genetic material (DNA/RNA) inside a protein coat

- 1 mark for stating that bacteria have a cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasm

MS3.

- 1 mark for mentioning phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) as engulfing bacteria

- 1 mark for mentioning antibody production by B cells

- 1 mark for mentioning the role of T cells in activating phagocytes and destroying infected cells

MS4.

- 1 mark for naming any two white blood cells, e.g., neutrophils, macrophages, B cells, T cells

MS5.

- 1 mark for stating that antibiotics kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria

- 1 mark for mentioning specific mechanisms, e.g., inhibiting cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis

MS6.

- 1 mark for an advantage, e.g., reducing discomfort, allowing for better rest

- 1 mark for a disadvantage, e.g., masking the signs of infection, potential side effects

- 1 mark for a balanced conclusion

MS7.

- 1 mark for stating that a communicable disease is an infection that can be passed from one person to another

MS8.

- 1 mark for stating that monoclonal antibodies are designed to target specific molecules on the surface of pathogens or cancer cells

- 1 mark for mentioning their use in treating, e.g., cancer, autoimmune diseases

MS9.

- 1 mark for describing the phases of clinical trials (e.g., animal testing, human trials)

- 1 mark for explaining the purpose of safety and efficacy testing

- 1 mark for mentioning the need for informed consent and ethical considerations

MS10.

- 1 mark for naming any type of fungus, e.g., Candida, Aspergillus, Histoplasma