Master GCSE Biology

MS1:

- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen (1)

MS2:

- Chlorophyll (1)

MS3:

- Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to release far more energy (ATP) per molecule of glucose than anaerobic respiration (1)

- Anaerobic respiration produces only 2 ATP per molecule of glucose, while aerobic respiration produces around 36 ATP (1)

MS4:

- Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration carried out by microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria (1)

- It produces lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide as waste products (1)

- Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells during strenuous exercise (1)

MS5:

- Light intensity: Low light intensity limits the availability of energy for photosynthesis (1)

- Carbon dioxide concentration: Low CO₂ concentration reduces the supply of the raw material for photosynthesis (1)

- Temperature: Very high or very low temperatures can denature enzymes involved in photosynthesis (1)

MS6:

- Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen needed to repay the deficit created during anaerobic respiration (1)

- It is repaid by continuing aerobic respiration after exercise has stopped, to oxidize lactic acid and restore levels of ATP (1)

- This can cause heavy breathing and sweating (1)

MS7:

- Substrate for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration (1)

- Oxidized to produce energy (1)

MS8:

- Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions without being consumed (1)

- Temperature can affect enzyme activity: higher temperatures generally increase activity up to an optimum, but very high temperatures denature the enzyme (1)

- Lower temperatures can slow down activity (1)

MS9:

- Aerobic respiration yields far more energy (ATP) than anaerobic respiration (1)

- End products of aerobic respiration are CO₂, H₂O and energy (1)

- End products of anaerobic respiration are lactic acid or ethanol and CO₂ (1)

MS10:

- Provides an understanding of energy flow and how organisms obtain energy for life processes (1)

- Essential for studying metabolism, growth, reproduction and overall health (1)

- Helps explain ecological interactions and energy transfer within ecosystems (1)

- Can be applied to biotechnology and the development of new technologies (1)