Expert Physics Tutoring

MS1:

- A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease (1)

MS2:

- Bacteria (1)

- Viruses (1)

MS3:

- White blood cells engulf/phagocytose pathogens (1)

- They produce antibodies that neutralize pathogens (1)

- They release antitoxins to neutralize toxins (1)

MS4:

- Antibodies bind to specific pathogens (1)

- Neutralize pathogens and mark them for destruction (1)

MS5:

- Vaccines contain weakened/inactivated pathogens or parts of pathogens (1)

- They trigger the immune system to produce antibodies (1)

- Provides immunity without causing the disease (1)

MS6:

- Penicillin (1)

MS7:

- Viruses are not bacteria (1)

- Antibiotics target bacterial structures that viruses do not have (1)

MS8:

- Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies produced by hybridoma cells (1)

- Designed to target specific antigens on pathogens (1)

- Can be used to treat cancers and autoimmune diseases (1)

MS9:

- Informed consent from participants (1)

- Protection of vulnerable groups (1)

- Balancing risks and benefits (1)

- Ensuring transparency and accountability (1)

MS10:

- Painkillers do not target the pathogens causing the disease (1)

- They only relieve symptoms such as pain and fever (1)